Pada pembahasan Descartes, aku merupakan suatu aku yang berpikir. Pada Maine de Biran, dapat dilihat aku sebagai kehendak yang menjadi nyata karena hambatan yang harus diatasi. Dari kedua kasus tersebut terlihat bahwa aku selalu dilihat dengan hubungannya langsung dengan unsur non-aku, yaitu Tuhan (pada Descartes) dan hambatan (pada Maine de Biran).
Pada filsafat analitik, atau yang disebut juga sebagai filsafat bahasa, kita dapat mengikuti gerak yang bertentangan, yaitu suatu gerak yang berasal dari daerah non-aku menuju aku, serta menanyakan bagaimana letak aku terhadap unsur non-aku tadi.
Filsafat dibedakan menurut 3 bidang pembatasan minat yaitu: metafisika, filsafat praktikal nomatif pada etika dan estetika, dan filsafat ilmu pengetahuan. Bahasa etika dan metafisika merupakan suatu bahasa meta (meta-language). Pada bidang ini terdapat metode analisis yang merupakan pendekatan khas filsafat analitik yang disebut pula analisis bahasa filsafat atau filsafat bahasa (linguistic philosophy). Pendekatan analitik ini terdiri dari tiga analisis: analisis pengertian, analisis kenyataan, dan analisis argumentasi. Analisis pengertian berusaha menyusun batasan atau definisi, bertolak dari definiendum (yang harus ditentukan batasannya) dan diuraikan menjadi definiens (batasan yang diperoleh).
Dalam sejarah filsafat, Socrates merupakan orang yang pertama menentukan batasan dan uraian khususnya mengenai pengertian-pengertian etika. Plato kemudian memperluas analisis-analisis pengertian etika dan membedakan ide sebagai uneversalia objektif, yaitu satu nama jenis yang berlaku untuk aneka ragam penampilan. Universalia dianggapnya sebagai ide yang benar-benar merupakan realitas. Disamping itu ada juga Particularia, yaitu penampilan-penampilan konkret individual yang membawa nama jenis yang sama. Plato mengemukakan bahwa gabungan beberapa kata dengan masing-masing pengertian dapat bersintesis menjadi sesuatu yang baru, yaitu suatu pernyataan (statement) dan putusan (judgement). Aristoteles kemudian menunjukkan minatnya terutama kepada batas bahasa kognitif, yaitu batasan yang memberi informasi melalui pernyataan dengan penggunaan pengertian-pengertian.
Filsafat analitik bertolak dari analysanda dalam bentuk pengertian, pernyataan, atau argumentasi. Bertrand Russel, salah seorang tokoh pertama filsafat analitik mengemukakan bahwa ada suatu kesamaan struktur antara dunia fakta atau realitas dan dunia kata-kata atau symbol. Dalam hal ini ada isomorfi antara unsur bahasa dan unsur kenyataan.

16. Makna dan Referensi

Teori referensi ialah jawaban pertama atas pertanyaan tentang sepatah kata. Ada 3 macam theory of meaning. Pada teori yang pertama makna dianggap identik dengan obyek yang menjadi referen pada kata tersebut. Teori kedua menghubungkan makna kata dengan suatu ide yang ditimbulkan kata tersebut kepada kesadaran. Sedangkan teori ketiga menanggapi bahasa sebagai semacam kelakuan dan mengembalikannya kepada teori stimulus dan response. Menurut teori ini makna merupakan rangsang untuk menimbulkan prilaku tertentu sebagai response.
Contoh teori pertama ialah teori referensi yang membedakan makna menurut Sinn dan Bedeutung. Referensi atau Bedeutung tidak dapat dipertahankan sebagai satu-satunya penjelasan tentang makna, karena suatu referen dapat mengalami referensi dengan berbagai sebutan, contohnya seorang anak dapat disebut sebagai “anak tetangga” dan “anak terbodoh di kelas”. Makna atau Sinn merupakan suatu gejala dalam kesadaran. Referensi menggunakan pengertian denotasi atau ekstensi, sedangkan makna atau Sinn menggunakan konotasi atau intensi. Sementara itu Quine keberatan dengan makna sebagai konotasi dan intensi. Ia berpendapat bahwa makna kata dapat dikembalikan kepada ekstensi, denotasi atau referensi dan juga dapat diselesaikan dengan menemukan sinonimi kata-kata. Ia menganggap makna sebagai suatu unsur yang kabur, sedangkan sinonimi diperoleh dengan membandingkan kalimat-kalimat.
Dalam filsafat dan teori pengetahuan diadakan pembedaan yang penting antara pernyataan sintetik dan pernyataan analitik. Suatu pernyataan sintetik melibatkan empiri, sedangkan suatu pernyataan analitik memberi keterangan yang telah tersimpul dalam pernyataan itu sendiri. Kedudukan sinonimi suatu kata penting untuk menentukan benarkah suatu pernyataan itu analitik atau sintetik.
Dala teori referensi juga terdapat istilah syncategorematic yaitu kata yang baru memperoleh makna bila dikombinasikan dengan kata-kata kategori tertentu, misalnya kata dan serta atau.
Penyelesaian lain mengenai makna dikemukakan oleh Wittgenstein. Menurutnya makna tak perlu dijelaskan lagi dengan satuan yang lain sifatnya, melainkan dilihat pada penggunaan kata yang dipersoalkan.

Eyes

As you can see, the eyes are a key feature to L. Just looking like you are tired is NOT enough! You must be able to move your eyes like L, and develop bags under your eyes like him. In the first image you see a nice imitation of L. What’s wrong with this picture you might ask? Look at his eyes! they are not baggy enough and seem like they know something you don’t. The only way to obtain L’s perfect eyes is to stay awake all night, drinking tea or coffee, thinking about things no one would care to really think about. In the second image, you see the transition phase, it has some nice bags, but is missing something. You need the bags, but also the LOOK. In the third image, you see the completed phase. In this image, you can clearly notice the beautiful bags, but also the stupid look. Your eyes shouldn’t give away any emotion and must look unattentive and lost. This way, the enemy will never be able to tell what you are thinking, and you have the upper hand. This is what makes you the greatest detective in the world.

Hair

The Hair is one of the most defining features of L next to the eyes… So it’s easier to break it down in steps. Step 1: First, go to the hairdresser and get a nice trim, making sure it’s fairly uneven and layered. The ends should go no longer then the end of your neck, check if the left hand side is longer than the right. Usually, this step can be a bit embarassing and if the hair dresser doesn’t understand what you want her to do, show him/ her a picture of L from Chapter 11. If she laughs at you, get a new hairdresser, because he/ she obviously has no sense of style, pfft… If you don’t have pure black ebony hair, go buy some L’Oreal hair dye, and get it black. You can easily dye your hair at home, since most salons charge you quite a lot of money for it. For people with curly hair, just get it straightened, this would make it easier to spike either way. Step 2: DISHEVELLED. That’s the look you are going for. Sure, spike it up a bit, use plenty of hair gel, but don’t make it look as if you did it on purpose! No! You must make sure it seems like you just got out of bed, put on a pair of clothes, and are going to meet someone. This is a key point in the hair. TIP: Sweep the strands in several different directions. The left hand side should have a bit more hair than the right. So sweep towards the left in the back. I suggest buy a canister of super-hold hair spray. A volumizer is nice too. Step 3: Finally, spike off the ends with some gel, and by now the left hand side of your head should have a bit more hair. Make sure to fluff it up on the top and give it some body. This way you can make your hair stick up some more. Pull some strands over your eyes, and you’re done!

Clothing & Accesories

L’s clothing is cheap, efficient, and simple. Step 1: All your clothes should be simple (not like 10 million pocketed cargo pants) and baggy. The basic wardrobe includes a nice white shirt, and a pair of very baggy blue jeans. You can probably get these precious items in your local Ross. If you are a designer-lover, as long as it’s simple and fits the description, go ahead and spend $150 on baggy blue jeans. Step 2: No Accessories! That includes shoes and socks. In the good old old old days you didn’t have to wear shoes, and L abides by this. Shoes are not a necessity so you don’t need to wear them, especially indoors, if not necessary. if there are rocks on the street, perhaps slip on a pair of sneakers, but no socks whatsoever. They key is no socks period. Now you don’t have to worry about buying new Nike’s for Back-to-School shopping.

Basic Actions

How to Sit

L’s most identifying feature is the way he sits. Basically, you put your feet up, pending them at the knees, and keep your leg straight in front, so that your knees come in front of your face. Pretty easy ne? Now, you might be thinking, that it might make it terribly hard to do other things, like pick up the phone, talk, bend over, but not at all! As seen in Example 2, bending over is relatively simple, you just have to put your knees apart, and TADA, bend over, your dignified position is still maintained. If you happen to sit on the floor, you can sit either this way, or just sit in the Indian style with your fingers inward. This is an excellent meditation position, and many times L sits like this just to think things over. Thus, the third position can be incredibly useful when trying to stay up all night thinking about secret identities of Kira.

How to Stand/Walk

Although it’s not often, L DOES stand/walk. The way he does this, is actually, relatively simple. All you do, is walk, slouching, knees a bit bent. I suppose as in the case of L, this would be a huge benefit if you were pretty tall, but it also puts you on a personal level with the subject you are studying. As you are walking, remember to slouch and act like you are a bit sleepy. When talking to people, as in example 3, lean inwards, close to the person’s face, and talk to them. Make sure you have a breath mint before doing this, however .

How to pick up a phone

Picking up the phone is an art. L clearly demonstrates this. Basically, depending on the phone you can pick it up from the top as seen in the first example (or by dangling the cord and talking backwards), or in the case of cellphones, as in example 2, by the antenna. After picking up the phone, you must hold the phone at the top, with a MAXIMUM of 3 fingers. 2 is the recommended choice, and the most sensible way. Before putting the phone to your ear, hold it a good distance away from you first, and then pick it up. There was only ONE TIME L picked up the phone normally (thank you Cyelz for pointing that out). So it’s VERY rare!

Advanced Actions

Reading

When reading a book, simple put the book a small distance away from your body, and like the phone, hold it with a maximum of three fingers (the middle ones). To switch the pages simple turn one of the fingers under the next page and turn. Pretty easy ne? By reading this way, especially when sitting on a bench in a park, it will ensure not only privacy, but won’t ruin your eyes.

Eating/Drinking

Finally, one of the most essential things is drinking and eating, just like the basic philosophy with picking up cell phones and reading, use, at the maximum, 3 fingers. hold the handle of teacup with 2 fingers and pull it to your face as displayed in example 2, and drink. For eating, hold the fork with 2 fingers, and stuff the food in your mouth. Remember to maintain your basic sitting position at all times. ONE VERY IMPORTANT thing to note is that L is a great lover of sweets, so remember, the sweeter things are, the better they are! When you drink coffee remember to put lots of sugar cubes in it! This is very important in every action you do. For any other action just remember these rules, and in any scenario you will be like L